218
Hildreth, Richard (1807-1865)
Japan as it was and is. 1855.
JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS. BY RICHARD HILDRETH, AUTHOR OF
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,
ETC. THIRD THOUSAND.
BOSTON: PHILLIPS, SAMPSON AND COMPANY. NEW YORK: J. C. DERBY. 1855.
[1], [2], 576 p., [1] leaf of plates. 21 cm.
[DS/857/Hi](00012422)
目 次
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. Earliest European Knowledge of Japan.—Japanese Histories.—Marco Polo's Account of the Mongol or Tartar Invasion.—Accounts of the same Event given by the Chinese and Japanese Annalists.—A. D. 1281 or 1283.
13
CHAPTER II. Portuguese Empire in the East.—Discovery of Japan.—Galvano's Account of it.—Fernam Mendez Pinto's Account of his First Visit to Japan, and Adventures there.—Japanese Account of the First Arrival of Portuguese.—A. D. 1542-5.
20
CHAPTER III. Pinto's Second Visit to Japan.—Angiro, or Paul of the Holy Faith.—A. D. 1547—1548.
37
CHAPTER IV. Religious Faith Three Centuries ago.—Zeal of the Portuguese Conquerors.—Antonio Galvano.—Missionary Seminaries at Ternate and Goa.—Order of the Jesuits.—Francis Xavier.—His Mission to India.—His Mission to Japan.—His Companion, Cosme De Torres.—The Philippine Islands.—A. D. 1542—1550.
41
CHAPTER V. Political and Religious Condition of Japan, as found by the Portuguese.—The Jacatas, or Kings, and their Vassals.—Revenues.—Money.—Distinction of Ranks.—The Kubo-Sama.—The Dairi.—Sinto.—Buddhism.—Siuto.—A. D. 1550.
53
CHAPTER VI. Civilization of the Japanese.—Animals.—Agriculture.—Arts.—Houses.—Ships.—Literature.—Jurisprudence.—Character of the Japanese.—Their Custom of cutting themselves open.—A. D. 1550.
67
CHAPTER VII. Preaching of Xavier.—Pinto's Third Visit to Japan.—A. D. 1550—1551.
71
CHAPTER VIII. Progress of the Missions under Fathers De Torres and Nugnez Barreto.—Mendez Pinto a fourth Time in Japan.—A. D. 1551—1557.
75
CHAPTER IX. Louis Almeida.—The Missionaries establish themselves at Miako.—Louis Froez.—Princes converted in Ximo.—Rise of Nobunanga.—Prosperity of the Missions.—Noble and Princely Converts.—Nagasaki built.—Nobunanga makes himself Emperor.—A. D. 1557—1577.
79
CHAPTER X. Father Valignani.—State of the Missions.—Conversion and Baptism of the King of Bungo.—Growth of Nagasaki.—Embassy to the Pope.—Documents relating to this Embassy. A. D. 1577—1586.
84
CHAPTER XI. Events meanwhile in Japan.—Downfall of Nobunanga.—Accession of Faxiba, afterwards known as Kambakundono, and, finally, as Taiko-Sama.—Edict against the Jesuits.—Return of the Ambassadors.—A. D. 1582—1588.
95
CHAPTER XII. Recapitulation.—Extent of the Japanese Empire.—Valignani arrives at Nagasaki.—Progress hitherto of the Catholic Faith.—The Emperor's Projects against China.—Valignani's Visit to the Emperor at Miako.—Ucondono.—The returned Japanese Ambassadors.—Audience given to Valignani.—The Viceroy's Letter.—The Interpreter Rodriguez.—A. D. 1588—1593.
100
CHAPTER XIII. New Troubles of the Missionaries from their own Countrymen.—The Emperor claims Homage of the Governor of the Philippines.—Mutual Jealousies of the Portuguese and Spaniards.—Spanish Adventurers in Japan.—The Emperor's Suspicions excited.—His Reply to the Viceroy of Goa.—A. D. 1591—1592.
108
CHAPTER XIV. The Expedition against Corea.—The Emperor associates his Nephew.—City of Fusimi.—Correspondence of the Emperor with the Governor of Manilla.—The Jesuits denounced by the Spanish Envoys.—Consequences thereof.—Departure of Valignani.—A. D. 1592.
112
CHAPTER XV. Progress of the Corean War.—Success of the Japanese.—Tsukamadono Viceroy of Corea.—Edict of the Emperor for disarming the Converts in Ximo.—Disgrace and Downfall of the Royal Family of Bungo.—Terazaba, Governor of Nagasaki.—His Conversion and Friendly Acts.—A. D. 1592—1593.
115
CHAPTER XVI. Jealousy on the part of the Dominicans and Franciscans towards the Jesuits.—This Jealousy cooperates with the Mercantile Jealousy of the Spaniards at Manilla.—Franciscan Friars establish themselves at Miako, Osaka and Nagasaki.—Edicts against them.—Deposition and Death of the Emperor's Nephew.—A. D. 1593—1595.
117
CHAPTER XVII. Great Earthquake.—Mission from China.—Arrival of a Spanish Galleon.—Friars on board her.—New Accusations on her Account against the Jesuits.—Connection of the Jesuits with the Trade to Japan.—Arrest of Missionaries and Converts.—First Martyrs.—A. D. 1595—1597.
120
CHAPTER XVIII. New Edict for the Deportation of the Jesuits.—Its Partial Evasion.—New Correspondence betweeen the Philippines and Japan.—Taiko-Sama's Justification of his recent Proceedings.—New Destruction of Churches in Ximo.—Taiko-Sama's Death.—His preceding Efforts to secure his own Deification and the Succession of his infant Son Fide Jori.—Regency.—Ge-Jas its Head, with the Title of Daysu-Sama.—A. D. 1597—1599.
125
CHAPTER XIX. Evacuation of Corea.—Return of the converted Princes.—Favorable Disposition of Daysu-Sama.—Third Visit of Father Valignani.—Civil War between Daysu-Sama and his Co-Regents.—His Triumph.—Disgrace and Execution of Tsukamidono.—Daysu-Sama takes the Title of Ogosho-Sama, and still favors the Converts.—Influx of Dominican and Franciscan Friars—Flourishing Condition of the Church.—Local Persecutions.—A. D. 1599—1609.
128
CHAPTER XX. Attempt of the English and Dutch to discover a New Route to the far East.—Voyages round the World.—Attempted English Voyage to Japan.—English and Dutch Voyages to India.—First Dutch Voyage to Japan.—Adams, the English Pilot.—His Adventures and Detention in Japan.—A. D. 1513—1607.
132
CHAPTER XXI. Spanish Friars in Japan.—Extension of Japanese Trade.—Progress of the Dutch in the Eastern Seas.—They open a Trade with Japan.—Emperor's Letter.—Shipwreck of Don Rodrigo De Vivero on the Japanese Coast.—His Reception, Observations and Departure.—Destruction of a Portuguese Carac by the Japanese.—Another Dutch Ship arrives.—Spex's Charter.—Embassies from Macao and New Spain.—Father Louis Sotelo and his Projects.—A. D. 1607—1618.
140
CHAPTER XXII. Origin and Commencement of English Intercourse with Japan.—Captain Saris' Voyage thither, and Travels and Observations there.—New Spanish Embassy from the Philippines.—Commercial Rivalry of the Dutch and English.—Richard Cocks, Head of the English Factory.—A. D. 1611—1613.
160
CHAPTER XXIII. Ecclesiastical Retrospect.—New Persecution.—Edict of Banishment against the Mission aries.—Civil War between Fide Jori and Ogosho-Sama.—Triumph of Ogosho-Sama.—His Death.—Persecution more violent than ever.—Mutual Rancor of the Jesuits and the Friars.—Progress of Martyrdom.—The English and Dutch.—A. D. 1613—1620.
175
CHAPTER XXIV. Collisions of the Dutch and English in the Eastern Seas.—The English retire from Japan.—The Spaniards repelled.—Progress of the Persecution.—Japanese Ports, except Firando and Nagasaki, closed to Foreigners.—Charges in Europe against the Jesuits.—Fathers Sotelo and Collado.—Torment of the Fosse.—Apostasies.—The Portuguese confined to Desima.—Rebellion of Ximabara.—The Portuguese Excluded.—Ambassadors put to Death.—A. D. 1621—1640.
182
CHAPTER XXV. Policy of the Dutch.—Affair of Nuyts.—Haganaar's Visits to Japan.—Caron's Account of Japan.—Income of the Emperor and the Nobles.—Military Force.—Social and Political Position of the Nobles.—Justice.—Relation of the Dutch to the Persecution of the Catholics.—The Dutch removed from Firando and confined in Desima.—Attempts of the English, Portuguese and French, at Intercourse with Japan.—Final Extinction of the Catholic Faith.—A. D. 1620—1707.
193
CHAPTER XXVI. Portuguese Trade to Japan.—Dutch Trade.—Silver, Gold and Copper, the chief Articles of Export.—Export of Silver prohibited.—Chinese Trade.—Its Increase after the Accession of the Mant-chew Dynasty.—Chinese Temples at Nagasaki.—A Buddhist Doctor from China.—Edict on the Subject of Household Worship.—Restrictions on the Dutch Trade.—Increase in the Number of Chinese Visitors to Nagasaki.—Their Objects.—Restrictions on the Chinese Trade.—The Chinese shut up in a Factory.—Trade with Lew Chew.—A. D. 1542—1690.
206
CHAPTER XXVII. Engelbert K
mpfer.—His Visit to Japan.—Desima and its Inhabitants as described by him.—A. D. 1690.
216
CHAPTER XXVIII. Particular Statement as to the Dutch Trade as it existed in K
mpfer's Time.—Arrival of the Ships.—Unlading.—Passes.—Imports.—Company and Private Goods.—Kanbangs, or Public Sales.—Duties—Profits.—Exports.—Departure of the Ships.—Smuggling.—Execution of Smugglers.
241
CHAPTER XXIX. Nagasaki and its Vicinity as seen by K
mpfer.—Imperial Governors.—Their Officers and Palaces.—Municipal System.—Street Government.—Mutual Responsibility.—Administration of Justice.—Taxes.—Government of other Towns.—Adjacent Country.—The God Suwa and his Matsuri.—A. D. 1690—1692.
256
CHAPTER XXX. Kampfer's Two Journeys to Court.—Preparations.—Presents.—Japanese Attendants.—Packing the Baggage and Riding on Horseback.—Japanese Love of Botany.—Accoutrements.—Road-Books.—Norimons and Kangos.—A. D. 1690—1692.
277
CHAPTER XXXI. Highways.—Rivers.—Fords.—Ferries.—Bridges.—Water Part of the Journey.—Coast and Islands.—Frail Structure of Japanese Vessels.—Description of them.—Buildings on the Route.—Dwelling-Houses.—Castles.—Towns.—Villages.—Cottages.—Proclamation Places.—Places of Execution.—Tiras or Buddhist Temples.—Mias or Sinto Temples.—Idols and Amulets.
288
CHAPTER XXXII. Post-Houses.—Imperial Messengers.—Inns.—Houses.—Their Furniture and Interior Arrangements.—Bathing and Sweating House.—Gardens.—Refreshment Houses.—What they Provide.—Tea.
304
CHAPTER XXXIII. Number of People on the Road.—Princely Retinues.—Pilgrims to Isje.—Siunse Pilgrims.—Naked Devotions.—Religious Beggars.—Begging Order of Nuns.—Jamabo, or Mountain Priests.—Buddhist Beggars.—Singular Bell-Chiming.—Hucksters and Pedlers.—Courtesans.
314
CHAPTER XXXIV. Departure from Nagasaki.—Train of the Dutch.—The Day's Journey.—Treatment of the Dutch.—Respect shown them in the Island of Ximo.—Care with which they are Watched.—Inns at which they Lodge.—Their Reception and Treatment there.—Politeness of the Japanese.—Lucky and Unlucky Days.—Seimei, the Astrologer.
326
CHAPTER XXXV. From Nagasaki to Kokura.—Simonoseki.—Water Journey to Osaka.—Description of that City.—Its Castle.—Interview with the Governors.—From Osaka to Miako.—Jodo and its Castle.—Fusimi.—Entrance into Miako.—Visit to the Chief Justice and the Governors.—Description of Miako.—Palace of the Dairi.—Castle.—Manufactures and Trade.—Authority of the Chief Justice.—Police.—Crimes.
336
CHAPTER XXXVI. Lake Oitz.—Mount Jesan.—Japanese Legends.—A Japanese Patent Medicine.—Quano.—Mia.—Array.—Policy of the Emperors.—Kakegawa.—A Town on Fire.—Seruga.—Kuno.—Passage of a rapid River.—Fusi-no-jama, or Mount Fusi.—Crossing the Peninsula of Idsu.—Second Searching Place.—Purgatory Lake.—Odawara.—Coast of the Bay of Jedo.—A Live Saint.—Kanagawa.—Sinagawa.—Jedo.—Imperial Castles and Palace.
352
CHAPTER XXXVII. Personages to be Visited.—Visit to the Emperor.—First Audience.—Second Audience.—Visits to the Houses of the Councillors.—Visits to the Governors of Jedo and the Temple Lords.—Visits to the Houses of the Governors of Nagasaki.—Audience of Leave.—Return.—Visits to Temples in the Vicinity of Miako.—A. D. 1691—1692.
365
CHAPTER XXXVIII. Further Decline of the Dutch Trade.—Degradation of the Japanese Coins.—The Dutch threaten to withdraw from Japan.—Restrictions on the Chinese Trade.—Probable Cause of the Policy adopted by the Japanese.—Drain of the precious Metals.—New Basis upon which future Trade must be arranged, 1696—1750.
383
CHAPTER XXXIX. Thunberg's Visit to Japan.—Searches and Examinations.—Smuggling.—Interpreters.—Desima.—Imports and Exports.—Unicorn's Horn and Ginseng.—Soy.—The Dutch at Desima.—Japanese Mistresses.—Japanese Women.—Studying the Language.—Botanizing.—Clocks.—New-Year's Day.—Trampling on Images.—Departure for Jedo.—Journey through the Island of Ximo.—Japanese Houses and Furniture.—Manufacture of Paper.—Practice of Bathing.—Simonoseki.—Voyage to Osaka.—Children.—From Osaka to Miako.—Agriculture.—Animals.—A. D. 1775—1776.
387
CHAPTER XL. Japanese Merchants.—Journey from Miako to Jedo.—Botany of the Mountains.—Rainy Weather.—Coverings for the Head and Feet.—Jedo.—Astronomers and Physicians.—Acupuncture.—Moxa.—Other Japanese Remedies.—Method of Wearing the Hair.—Visits to the Emperor and his Chief Officers.—Japanese Dress.—Books and Maps.—Succession of Emperors.—Departure from Jedo.—Gnats.—Fire-Flies.—Threshing.—Vegetables and Fruit.—Condition of the Japanese Farmer.—Casting Copper.—Actors and Dancers.—Thunberg's Opinion of the Japanese.—A. D. 1775—1776.
406
CHAPTER XLI. Issac Titsingh.—His Residence in Japan.—Translations from the Japanese.—Annals of the Dairi.—Memoirs of the Siogun.—Liberal Ideas in Japan.—Marriage Ceremonies.—Funeral Ceremonies.—Mourning.—Feast of Lanterns.—A. D. 1779—1791.
424
CHAPTER XLII. Exploration of the Northern Japanese Seas.—First Russian Mission of Japan.—Professorship of Japanese at Irkutsk.—New Restrictions on the Dutch.—Embarrassments growing out of the War of the French Revolution.—American Flag at Nagasaki.—Captain Stewart.—Ingenuity of a Japanese Fisherman.—Heer Doeff, Director at Desima.—Suspicious Proceedings of Captain Stewart.—Russian Embassy.—Klaproth's Knowledge of Japanese.—Doeff's First Journey to Jedo.—Dutch Trade in 1804 and 1806.—An American Ship at Nagasaki.—The British Frigate Phaeton.—No ships from Batavia.—The Dutch on Short Allowance.—English Ships from Batavia.—Communication again Suspended.—Dutch and Japanese Dictionary.—Children at the Factory.—A. D. 1792—1817.
444
CHAPTER XLIII. Golownin's Capture and Imprisonment.—Conveyance to Hakodade.—Reception and Imprisonment.—Interpreters.—Interviews with the Governor.—Removal to Matsmai.—A Pupil in Russian.—A Japanese Astronomer.—Escape and Recapture.—Treatment afterwards.—Savans from Jedo.—Japanese Science.—European News.—A Japanese Free-Thinker.—Soldiers.—Their Amusements.—Thoughts on a Wedding.—Domestic Arrangements.—New Year.—Return of the Diana.—Reprisals.—A Japanese Merchant and his Female Friend.—Second Return of the Diana.—Third Return of the Diana.—Interview on Shore.—Surrender of the Prisoners.—Japanese Notification.—The Merchant at Home.—The Mercantile Class in Japan.—A. D. 1811—1815.
460
CHAPTER XLIV. Renewal of the Dutch Trade.—Captain Gordon in the Bay of Jedo.—Fisscher.—Meylan.—Siebold.—British Mutineers.—Voyage of the Morrison.—Japanese Edict.—The Saramang at Nagasaki.—The Mercator in the Bay of Jedo.—Commodore Biddle in the Bay of Jedo.—Shipwrecked Americans.—French Ships of War at Nagasaki.—The Preble at Nagasaki.—Surveying Ship Mariner in the Bays of Jedo and Simoda.—New Notification through the Dutch.—A. D. 1847—1850.
484
CHAPTER XLV. Foreign Relations.—New Siogun.—Dutch Trade.—Chinese Trade.—American Embassy.—Its Object.—Letter to the Emperor.—Perry's First Visit to the Bay of Jedo.—Death of the Siogun.—Perry's Second Visit to the Bay of Jedo.—Negotiation of a Treaty.—The Treaty as agreed to.—Simoda.—Hakodade.—Additional Regulations.—Japanese Currency.—Burrow's Visit to the Bay of Jedo.—Third Visit of the American Steamers.—Russian and English Negotiations.—Exchange of Ratifications.—Earthquake.
506
APPENDIX.
Note A.—The Japanese Language and Literature.
543
Note B.—Japanese Names.
550
Note C.—Use of Fire-Arms in the East.
552
Note D.—Fernam Mendez Pinto.
553
Note E.—Earliest English and Dutch Adventures in the East.—Goa.
555
Note F.—Japanese Daring and Adventure Exterior to the Limits of Japan.
556
Note G.—Products of Japan.—Probable Effect of Opening Japan to Foreign Trade, by S. Wells Williams.
558
Note H.—Account of Japan, Chiefly Extracted from Japanese Works.
562
Note I.—Omitted Documents.
569
注 記
ページ表記：p. [i]-xii, [13]-576.
複本：(00017115)
記載書誌
PAG
S, 615. CORDIER, col. 506. TOYO BUNKO, p. 82. BLUM I, 963. NIPPONALIA III, 2079. YOKOYAMA, 35.