412
Hoffmann, Johann Joseph (1805-1878)
A Japanese grammar. 1876.
A JAPANESE GRAMMAR. BY J. J. HOFFMANN, phil. doc. MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC. SECOND EDITION.
LEIDEN, E. J. BRILL. 1876.
[1], [3], [3], [6], 367 p., [3] leaves of plates. 27 cm.
[PL/533/Ho](00006447)
目 次
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
1. Connection of the Japanese with the Chinese language.—The necessity of uniting to the study of the Japanese, that of the Chinese language.
1
2. On the writing of the Japanese.
2
3. Introduction of the written and the spoken language of China into Japan.
3
4. Application of the Chinese writing, to the writing of the Japanese language.
4
5. The Japanese writing proper.
a. The K
ta-k
na.
6
b. The Fira-g
na.
6
6. The Japanese phonetic system.
7
A. Systematic arrangement of the 47 sounds, expressed by Chinese and Japanese K
na-signs.
7
B. The Irova in Chinese characters and in K
ta-k
na signs.
9
7. Repetition of syllables. — Stenographic signs. — Stops.
11
8. Remarks on the Japanese system of sounds, and the expression of it with our letters.
12
9. Doubling of consonants by assimilation.
18
10. Accent and rhythm.
18
11. The Japanese running-hand Fira-g
na.
a. The Irova in Fira-g
na.
22
b. Synopsis of the Fira-g
na-characters most in use.
22
12. Written, or book language.
29
A. Exclusively Chinese.
29
Chinese dialects in Japan.
30
Chinese text with Japanese translation.
32
B. Books written in the Japanese language.
34
C. Style. a. Old Japanese.
35
b. New Japanese.
38
13. Language spoken.—General conversational language and dialects.
39
Epistolary style.
42
14. On the parts of speech.
42
15. Glance at the arrangement and connection of words in Japanese.
44
ETYMOLOGY, NATURE AND INFLECTION OF WORDS.
CHAPTER I. NOUNS.
§ 1. The root.
49
§ 2. Radical or Primitive word.
49
§ 3. Radical in composition.
49
A. Co
rdination.
50
B. Subordination.
50
I. Genitive subordination.
50
II. Objective subordination.
1. direct.
50
2. indirect.
50
III. The radical form, as definition before adjectives.
50
Euphonic modification.
50
§ 4. Gender.
51
A. Gender logically included in particular names.
51
B. 1. Gender indicated by the prefixes O and Me.
51
2. Gender expressed by Ono and Meno.
52
3. By Ko and Me, old-Japanese Ki and Mi.
52
C. Application of the ideas of male and female to objects without sex.
53
D. Chinese expressions for the distinction of sex.
53
§ 5. Number.
53
A. Singular.
53
B. I. Plural expressed by repetition of the noun.
54
II. Plural expressed by nouns used adjectively which signify a quantity, generality.
55
1. Japanese forms.
55
2. Chinese forms.
56
III. The plural expressed by collective words as Ra, Tomo (domo), Gara, Bara, Nami, Tatsi, Siu, Gata and Nado, used as suffixcs.
56
IV. Plural expressed by adverbs, which unite the idea of multitude to the predicate verb, Mina, Nokor
zu, Kotog
toku.
59
§ 6. Isolating of the noun by the suffix ハ, va; ワ, wa; バ, ba.
60
§ 7. Declension.
61
I. Nominative. Vocative.
61
II. Accusative.
62
III. Genitive.
63
1. Ga, no index of the subject.
64
2. Genitives suffixes No, Na and Tsu.
66
IV. Dative and Terminative. The suffix Ve (ye).
67
The suffix, Ni, as sign of the
a. Dative or Ablative.
68
b. Local.
68
c. Modal.
69
d. Casual and Instrumental.
69
e. Dative of the person.
69
f. Dative of the thing.
69
g. Terminative.
70
V. To, Nite, De.
70
VI. Ablative, characterized by Yori or by Kara.
71
CHAPTER II. PRONOUNS.
§ 8. I. Qualifying nouns, which serve as pronouns.
74
A. For
I
.
74
B. For the person spoken to.
74
Particular names of human relations to distinguish the person concerned.
77
II. Pronouns proper, formed from the adverbs of place Wa, A, Ka, Ko, Yo, So, Da (Do), Idzu.
79
II. a. Immediate compounds with Wa.
80
II. b. Immediate compounds of the other adverbs of place with Ko (ku), Tsi, Tsira and Tsutsi.
80
II. c. Da-ga, Wa-ga.
82
II. d. Pronouns possessive, formed from radical words indicating place, by suffixing No.
83
II. e. Substantive pronouns, formed from adverbs of place, by suffixing Re.
85
1) W
re, 2) Ar
, Or
, 3) Kar
, 4) Kor
.
86
5) Sor
, 6).
87
7) Tare (Dare), Tore (Dore), Idzur
.
88
III. Determinative and reflective pronouns.
89
A. 1. On
re, onodzuk
ra.
89
2. Mi, Midzuk
ra, Waga-mi.
89
B. Expressions borrowed from the Chinese: 1. Sin, 2. Zi-sin, 3. Zi-bun, 4. Zi-zen.
93
IV. Expressions of reciprocity: Tagai ni, Ai.
95
V. Pronouns indefinite: Fito, Aru-fito, Mono. — Dare mo and Nani mo followed by a verb negative.
95
VI. Relative pronoun Tok
ro.
97
VII. Interrogative pronouns derived from Ta or To, vulgo Da or Do.
97
1. Nani, what?
98
2. Ik
, how?
101
Interrogative pronouns with the suffix, mo.
102
VIII. Arrangement of the personal pronouns in the conversational language.
102
CHAPTER III. THE ADJECTIVE.
§ 9. Distinction between the attributive and predicate forms.
105
I. The adjective in the written language.
A. Joined to a noun substantive.
105
B. Adjectives in ki.
1. a. Ki, termination of the adjective, used as attributive.
105
b. Adjectives in ki, used as nouns concrete.
106
2. The termination ku, as adverbial form.
The same, isolated by the suffix va.
106
3. a. Si, form of the adjective, as predicate.
106
b. As such, superseded by Kari.
107
4. Sa, forming nouns abstract.
107
5. List of adjectives in ki.
107
6. Examples showing the use of the forms cited.
110
II. The adjective according to the spoken language.
112
Examples, showing the use of the forms.
112
Derivative adjectives.
§ 10. Adjectives in kar
and gar
.
113
§ 11. Adjectives in
r
.
114
§ 12. Adjectives in n
r
, na and t
r
.
114
§ 13. Derivative adjectives in ka.
116
§ 14. Derivative adjectives in yaka.
117
§ 15. Derivative adjectives in k
ki or koki.
119
§ 16. Derivative adjectives in s
k
.
119
§ 17. Derivative adjectives in k
-s
ki.
124
§ 18. Derivative adjectives in r
-s
ki.
125
§ 19. Derivative adjectives in beki.
127
§ 20. Derivative adjectives in naki.
127
§ 21. Adjectives with the negative prefix Na, or the Chinese Fu.
128
§ 22. Adjectives with a previons definition.
129
§ 23. Definition of adjectives by adverbs, which demote the presence of a quality in full degree.
130
§ 24. Definition of adjectives by adverbs, which denote the presence of a quality in a higher degree. Absolute comparative.
130
§ 25. The relative or real comparative.
1. Attribution of a quality in equal degree.
131
2. Attribution of a quality in a higher degree.
132
§ 26. The absolute superlative.
134
§ 27. The relative superlative.
135
§ 28. Expression of the excess of a quality.
136
CHAPTER IV. NUMERALS.
§ 29. The ancient Japanese cardinal numbers.
137
§ 30. The Chinese cardinal numbers.
141
§ 31. The ordinal numerals.
142
§ 32. The iterative numerals.
143
§ 33. The doubling or multiplying numerals.
144
§ 34. The sort numbers.
144
§ 35. The distributive numbers.
145
§ 36. The fractional, or broken numbers.
146
§ 37. Numeral substantives.
147
I. Japanese numeratives.
148
II. Chinese numeratives.
149
Notation of time.
§ 38. Enumeration of years.
154
§ 39. Chronological notation of years.
155
1. after the cycle.
155
2. after the years of governments.
156
§ 40. Enumeration of years by year-names.
157
Introduction of the Western Calendar in Japan.
157
§ 41. Division of the solar year.
158
§ 42. Enumeration of months.
159
§ 43. Enumeration of the days.
160
§ 44. Notation of hours.
162
Measures, weights and coins.
§ 45. Measures of length.
166
§ 46. Superficial measures.
168
§ 47. Measures of capacity.
168
§ 48. Weights.
169
§ 49. Iron, copper and bronze coins.
171
§ 50. Silver coins.
171
§ 51. Gold coins.
172
The new Japanese currency.
172
CHAPTER V. ADVERBS.
§ 52. I. Adverbs proper.
173
II. Improper adverbs, or adverbial expressions.
173
1. Nouns.
173
2. Verbs in the gerund.
173
Distribution of adverbs according to their signification.
173
§ 53. Adverbs of quality.
173
§ 54. Adverbs of degree.
174
§ 55. Adverbs of circumstance.
176
§ 56. Adverbs of place and space.
177
§ 57. Adverbs of time.
178
§ 58. Adverbs of manner.
181
§ 59. Adverbs connecting propositions.
182
Alphabetical synopsis of the adverbs cited.
182
CHAPTER VI. WORDS EXPRESSIVE OF RELATION. (POSTPOSITIONS.)
§ 60. Retrospect of the inflexions.
185
§ 61. Distinction of the words expressive of relation.
185
§ 62. Nouns, used as expressive of relation.
186
§ 63. Verbs in the gerund, used as words expressive of relation.
192
A. With a previous accusative.
192
B. With a previous local, or dative.
193
Alphabetical synopsis of the words expressive of relation treated.
195
CHAPTER VII. THE VERB.
§ 64. Voices of the verb.
197
§ 65. Moods.
197
§ 66. Tenses.
198
§ 67. Person and number.
198
§ 68. The verbal root.
198
§ 69. The imperative mood.
199
§ 70. Closing-form of the verb.
200
§ 71. The substantive and attributive form.
201
§ 72. Gerund.
1. Origin of the form.
202
2. Modifications introduced by the spoken language.
203
Examples of the use of the gerund.
205
§ 73. The verbal root in the Local (subjunctive form).
205
§ 74. The concessive form expressed by mo or tomo.
206
expressed by domo or
dom
.
208
§ 75. The form of the Future.
208
I. The simple Future.
208
Etymology of this form.
209
Examples of the use of the forms cited.
211
The certain Future of the written language.
212
II. The periphrastic Future.
A. of the written language, formed by
1. ..aran, arame, ran.
212
2. ..naram
, narame, naran.
213
3. ..aranan ＝ arinan.
213
4. ..suran.
213
5. ..masi.
213
B. ..The periphrastic Future of the spoken language.
214
§ 76. The suppositive form.
215
§ 77. The continuative verbal form (ari, iri, ori, uri).
217
§ 78. I. ..te ari, ..te ori, ..te iri.
218
II. ..tari, ..taru.
219
Forms of the past tense.
§ 79. ..tari, ..taru, ..ta.
220
§ 80. ..eri, ..esi, ..eru, ..ereba.
222
§ 81. ..ki, ..si, ..ken.
224
§ 82. ..keri, ..kesi, ..keru, ..keran.
227
§ 83. ..tari-ki, ..tari-si, ..tari-ken, ..te-ki, ..te-si, ..ten.
228
§ 84. [..ni], ..nu, ..nan; [..nuri], ..nuru, ..nureba, ..nuran.
229
§ 85. ..ts
, ..ts
ts
; ..tsur)i, u, eba, fut. an.
231
§ 86. Synopsis of the inflected form.
233
§ 87. Causative or Factive verbs in si or se.
234
§ 88. Causative verbs in sime.
238
The passive form.
§ 89. Its derivation and signification.
240
I. Passive verbs of the first class.
240
II. Passive verbs of the second class.
241
III. Passive verbs of the third class.
242
§ 90. On the government of the passive verb.
245
Examples of the use of the passive forms.
245
The negative of the Japanese verb.§ 91. I. Theory of the Derivation. 247
Examples of the formation of negative verbs.
248
II. Inflection of the negative verbs.
249
§ 92. Continuative form of the negative verb.
250
§ 93. Form of the forbidding Imperative.
251
§ 94. Forms of the negative preterit.
252
§ 95. Forms of the negative future.
253
Examples of the use of the negative forms.
254
Verbs expressing the being, the becoming and the causing to be.
§ 96. Ar)i, u, to be.
260
§ 97. Or)i, u, to dwell.
263
§ 98. I, Ite, Iru, to be in.
264
§ 99. Conjugation of nondeflecting verbs in i.
265
Synopsis of nondeflecting verbs in i.
265
§ 100. I. Ni, Nite, Nan, to be.
269
II. Nar)i, u, to be.
270
III. Nar)e, u, eru, uru, to become.
271
IV. Nas)i, u, to cause to be.
273
§ 101. Mas)i, u, 1. to abide; 2. to be.
274
§ 102. Samuravi, Sorai, Soro.
276
§ 103. S)i, u, uru, to do.
279
I. Use of the root-form si.
279
II. Si, acting as verb.
280
Synopsis of the conjugational forms of si.
281
Compounds with si.
282
III. On the government of S)i, u, uru, to do.
285
§ 104. Besi, Beki, Beku, may, can, shall.
291
I. Derivation and signification.
291
II. Inflectional forms of Besi.
292
III. On the government of Besi.
293
IV. 1. Yok
s)i, u, uru, to be able.
294
2. Atav
z)i, u, not to be able.
295
V. Ah
te, Aete, daring.
295
VI. Too-sen tar)i, u, it should be.
296
§ 105. The desiderative verbs, formed by Ta, desirous.
296
§ 106. Verbs expressing the leaving off of an action.
297
I. formed by Maki.
297
II. formed by Yami.
298
III. formed by S
mavi.
298
§ 107. The adverbial form of a verb.
299
§ 108. The derivative form meri.
300
§ 109. Nasi, Naki, Naku, not to exist.
301
I. The root Na.
301
II. Nasi, ΔNai, there is not.
302
III. Naki, ΔNai, the adjective form.
303
IV. Naku. the adverbial form.
304
V. Verbs compounded with Naku.
305
1. Nak
-si, Nak
-se, 2. Nakari, 3. Nakeri, 4. Nak
-nari.
Synopsis of the inflectional forms and derivatives of Na)si, ki, ku.
307
Remarks on the compound verbs.
§ 110. I. Verbs compounded with substantives.
309
II. Verbs compounded with verbs.
309
APPENDIX.
Distinctive verbs and verbal forms expressive of courtesy.
§ 111. General observation.
311
§ 112. The honorary passive form.
312
§ 113. I. Tamavi, ΔTamai.
314
II. Tamavari, Uke-tamavari.
315
§ 114. M
tsuri, to attend.
316
Distinctive verbs expressing.
§ 115. Being. Famberi, Moosi.
317
§ 116. Doing. Si, Itasi, Asobasi.
318
§ 117. Seeing, Showing. Mi, Mise, Hai-ken etc.
319
§ 118. Saying. Ivi, Ii-masi, Nori-tamai, O
se, Kikase, Moosi.
319
§ 119. Giving. Age, Sas
ge, Kudasare, Tsuke, Tor
sime, Tor
se, Yari.
321
§ 120. Going and Coming. Mairi, Mairare, Mairase, Mairasare, Ide, Agari, Mak
ri, Tsika-dzuki.
323
CHAPTER VIII. CONJUNCTIONS.
§ 121. Classification of the Jap. conjunctions.
326
A. Co
rdinative conjunctions.
§ 122. I. Copulative conjunctions.
327
§ 123. II. Disjunctive conjunctions.
329
§ 124. III. Adversative conjunctions.
331
§ 125. IV. Conclusive conjunctions.
334
§ 126. V. Explanatory conjunctions.
335
B. Subordinative conjunctions.
§ 127. I. Conjunctions of place and time.
336
§ 128. II. Conjunctions of quality and manner.
338
§ 129. III. Conjunctions of causality.
a. Conjunctions of an actual cause.
339
b. Conjunctions of a possible cause (Conditional conjunctions).
341
§ 130. IV. Congunctions of the purpose.
343
§ 131. V. Conjunctions of concession.
344
§ 132. The relative comparative of propositions.
346
Alphabetical synopsis of the conjunctions treated. 348
ADDENDA.
I. On arbitrary grammatical signs in Japanese books.
349
II. On quotation.
350
III. On Accent.
351
IV. On the dialects of H
n, U, and T
ng.
351
V. Remark on Si.
352
VI. Remark on Zari.
352
VII. Remark on to kaya.
353
VIII. Masi in the epistolary style superseded by Moosi.
353
注 記
本文中に漢字仮名活字印刷多数。
複本：(00016973)
記載書誌
WENCKSTERN I, p. 76. CORDIER, col. 501.