854
Griffis, William Elliot (1843-1928)
The religions of Japan. 1895.
THE RELIGIONS OF JAPAN, FROM THE DAWN OF HISTORY TO THE ERA OF M
IJI, BY WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS, D. D. FORMERLY OF THE IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO; AUTHOR OF
THE MIKADO'S EMPIRE
AND
COREA, THE HERMIT NATION;
LATE LECTURER ON THE MORSE FOUNDATION IN UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN NEW YORK.
NEW YORK, CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 1895.
xxi, 457 p. 20 cm.
[BL/2201/Gr](00012296)
目 次
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. Primitive Faith: Religion Before Books.
1
Salutatory.—The Morse Lectureship and its provisions.—The Science of Comparative Religion is Christianity's own child.—The Parliament of Religions.—The Study of Religion most appropriate in a Theological Seminary.—Shortening weapons and lengthening boundaries.—The right missionary spirit that of the Master, who
came not to destroy but to fulfil.
—Characteristics of Japan.—Bird's-eye view of Japanese history and religion.—Popularly, not three religions but one religion.—Superstitions which are not organically parts of the
book-religions.
—The boundary line between the Creator and his creation not visible to the pagan.—Shamanism: Fetichism.—Mythical monsters, Kirin, Ph
nix, Tortoise, Dragon.—Japanese mythical zo
logy.—The erection of the stone fetich.—Insurance by amulets upon house and person.—Phallicism.—Tree-worship.—Serpent-worship.—These unwritten superstitions condition the
book-religions.
—Removable by science and a higher religion.
CHAPTER II. Shinto: Myths and Ritual.
35
Japan is young beside China and Korea.—Japanese history is comparatively modern.—The oldest documents date from A. D. 712.—The Japanese archipelago inhabited before the Christian era.—Faith, worship and ritual are previous to written expression.—The Kojiki, Many
shu and Norito.—Tendency of the pupil nations surrounding China to antedate their civilization.—Origin of the Japanese people and their religion.—Three distinct lines of tradition from Tsukushi, Idzumo and Yamato.—War of the invaders against the aborigines.—Mikadoism is the heart of Shint
.—Illustrations from the liturgies.—Phallicism among the aborigines and common people.—The mind or mental climate of the prim
val man.—Representation of male gods by emblems.—Objects of worship and ex-voto.—Ideas of creation.—The fire-myth, Prometheus.—Comparison of Greek and Japanese mythology.—Ritual for the quieting of the fire-god.—The fire-drill.
CHAPTER III. The Kojiki and its Teachings.
59
Origin of the Kojiki.—Analysis of its opening lines.—Norito.—Indecency of the myths of the Kojiki.—Modern rationalistic interpretations.—Life in prehistoric Japan.—Character and temperament of the people then and now.—Character of the kami or gods.—Hades.—Ethics.—The Land of the Gods.—The barbarism of the Yamato conquerors an improvement upon the savagery of the aborigines.—Cannibalism and human sacrifices.—The makers of the God-way captured and absorbed the religion of the aborigines.—A case of syncretism.—Origin of evil in bad gods—Pollution was sin.—Class of offences enumerated in the norito.—Professor Kumi's contention that Mikadoism usurped a simple worship of Heaven.—Difference between the ancient Chinese and ancient Japanese cultus.—Development of Shint
arrested by Buddhism.—Temples and offerings.—The tori-i—Pollution and purification.—Prayer.—Hirata's ordinal and specimen prayers.—To the common people the sun is a god.—Prayers to myriads of gods.—Summary of Shint
.—Swallowed up in the Riy
bu system.—Its modern revival.—K
ichiu.—Kada Adzumar
.—Mabuchi, Moto
ri.—Hirata—In 1870, Shint
is again made the state religion.—Purification of Riy
bu temples.—Politico-religious lectures.—Imperial rescript.—Reverence to the Emperor's photograph.—Judgment upon Shint
.—The Christian's ideal of Yamato-damashii.
CHAPTER IV. The Chinese Ethical System in Japan.
99
In what respects Confucius was unique as a teacher.—Outline of his life.—The canon.—Primitive Chinese faith a sort of monotheism.—How the sage modified it.—History of Confucianism until its entrance into Japan.—Outline of the intellectual and political history of the Japanese.—Rise of the Samurai class.—Shifting of emphasis from filial piety to loyalty.—Prevalence of suicide in Japan.—Confucianism has deeply tinged the ideas of the Japanese.—Great care necessary in seeking equivalents in English for the terms used in the Chino-Japanese ethics; e g., the emperor,
the father of the people.
—Impersonality of Japanese speech.—Christ and Confucius.—
Love
and
reverence.
—Exemplars of loyalty.—The Forty-seven R
nins.—The second relation.—The family in Chinese Asia and in Christendom.—The law of filial piety and the daughter.—The third relation.—Theory of courtship and marriage.—Chastity.—Jealousy.—Divorce.—Instability of the marriage bond.—The fourth relation.—The elder and the younger brother.—The house or family everything, the individual nothing.—The fifth relation.—The ideas of Christ and those of Confucius.—The Golden and the Gilded rule.—Lao Tsze and Kung.—Old Japan and the alien.—Commodore Perry and Professor Hayashi.
CHAPTER V. Confucianism in its Philosophical Form.
131
Harmony of the systems of Confucius and Buddha in Japan during a thousand years.—Revival of learning in the seventeenth century.—Exodus of the Chinese scholars on the fall of the Ming dynasty.—Their dispersion and work in Japan.—Founding of schools of the new Chinese learning.—For two and a half centuries the Japanese mind has been moulded by the new Confucianism.—Survey of its rise and development.—Four stages in the intellectual history of China.—The populist movement in the eleventh century.—The literary controversy.—The philosophy of the Cheng brothers and of Chu Hi, called in Japan T
i-Shu system.—In Buddhism the Japanese were startling innovators, in philosophy they were docile pupils.—Paucity of Confucian or speculative literature in Japan.—A Chinese wall built around the Japanese intellect.—Yedo orthodoxy.—Features of the T
i-Shu system.—Not agnostic but pantheistic.—Its influence upon historiography.—Ki (spirit) Ri (way) and Ten (heaven).—The writings of Ohashi Junzo.—Confucianism obsolescent in New Japan.—A study of Confucianism in the interest of comparative religion.—Man's place in the universe.—The Samurai's ideal, obedience.—His fearlessness in the face of death.—Critique of the system.—The ruler and the ruled.—What has Confucianism done for woman?—Improvement and revision of the fourth and fifth relations.—The new view of the universe and the new mind in New Japan. The ideal of Yamato-damashii revised and improved.
CHAPTER VI. The Buddhism of Northern Asia.
153
Buddha—sun myth or historic personage?—Buddhism one of the protestantisms of the world.—Characteristics of new religions.—Survey of the history of Indian thought.—The age of the Vedas.—The epic age.—The rationalistic age.—Our fellow-Aryans and the story of their conquests.—Their intellectual energy and inventions.—Systems of philosophy.—Condition of religion at the birth of Gautama.—Outline of his life.—He attains enlightenment or buddhahood.—In what respects Buddhism was an old, and in what a new religion.—Did Gautama intend to found a new religion, or return to simpler and older faith?—Monasticism, Kharma and Nirvana.—Enthusiasm of the disciples of the new faith.—The great schism.—The Northern Buddhists.—The canon.—The two Yana or vehicles.—Simplicity of Southern and luxuriance of Northern Buddhism.—Summary of the process of thought in Nepal.—The old gods of India come back again.—Maitreya, Manjusri and Avalokitesvara.—The legend of Manjusri.—Separation of attributes and creation of new Buddhas or gods.—The Dhyani Buddhas.—Amida.—Adi-Buddhas.—Abstractions become gods.—The Tantra system.—Outbursts of doctrine and art.—Prayer-mills.—The noble eight-fold path of self-denial and benevolence forgotten.—Entrance of Buddhism from Korea into Japan.—Condition of the country at that time.—Dates and first experiences.—Soga no Inam
.—Sh
toku.—Japanese pilgrims to China.—Changes wrought by the new creed and cult.—Temples, monasteries and images.—Influence upon the Mikado's name, rank and person, and upon Shint
.—Relative influence of Buddhism in Asia and of Christianity in Europe.—The three great characteristics of Buddhism.—How the clouds returned after the rain.—Buddhism and Christianity confronting the problem of life.
CHAPTER VII. Riyobu, or Mixed Buddhism.
189
The experience of two centuries and a half of Buddhism in Japan.—Necessity of using more powerful means for the conversion of the Japanese.—Popular customs nearly ineradicable.—Analogy from European history.—Syncretism in Christian history.—In the Arabian Nights.—How far is the process of Syncretism honest?—Examples not to be recommended for imitation.—The problem of reconciling the Kami and the Buddhas.—Northern Buddhism ready for the task.—The Tantra or Yoga-chara system.—Art and its influence on the imagination.—The sketch replaced by the illumination and monochrome by colors.—Japanese art.—Mixed Buddhism rather than mixed Shint
.—K
b
the wonder-worker who made all Japanese history a transfiguration of Buddhism.—Legends about his extraordinary abilities and industry.—His life, and studies in China.—The kata-kana syllabary.—K
b
's revelation from the Shint
goddess Toyo-Uk
-Bim
.—The gods of Japan were avatars of Buddha.—K
b
's plan of propaganda.—Details of the scheme.—A clearing-house of gods and Buddhas.—Relative rise and fall of the native and the foreign deities.—Legend of Daruma.
Riy
bu Shint
.
—Impulse to art and art industry.—The Kami no Michi falls into shadow.—Which religion suffered most?—Phenomenally the victory belonged to Buddhism.—The leavening power was that of Shint
.—Buddhism's fresh chapter of decay.—Influence of Riy
bu upon the Chinese ethical system in Japan.—Influence on the Mikado.—Abdication all along the lines of Japanese life.—Ultimate paralysis of the national intellect.—Comparison with Chinese Buddhism.—Miracle-mongering.—No self-reforming power in Buddhism.—The Seven Happy Gods of Fortune.—Pantheism's destruction of boundaries.—The author's study of the popular processions in Japan.—Masaka Do.—Swamping of history in legend.—The jewel in the lotus.
CHAPTER VIII. Northern Buddhism in its Doctrinal Evolutions.
225
Four stages of the doctrinal development of Buddhism in Japan.—Reasons for the formation of sects.—The Saddharma Pundarika.—Shastras and Sutras.—The Ku-sha sect.—Book of the Treasury of Metaphysics.—The J
-jitsu sect, its founder and its doctrines.—The Ris-shu or Viyana sect.—Japanese pilgrims to China.—The Hos-s
sect and its doctrines.—The three grades of disciples.—The San-ron or Three-shastra sect and its tenets.—The Middle Path.—The K
gon sect.—The Unconditioned, or realistic pantheism.—The Chinese or Tendai sect.—Its scriptures and dogmas.—Buddhahood attainable in the present body.—Vagradrodhi.—The Yogachara system.—The
old sects.
—Reaction against excessive idol-making.—The Zen sect.—Labor-saving devices in Buddhism.—Making truth apparent by one's own thought—Transmission of the Zen doctrine.—History of Zen Shu.
CHAPTER IX. The Buddhism of the Japanese.
257
The J
-d
or Pure Land sect.—Substitution of faith in Amida for the eight-fold Path.—Succession of the propagators of true doctrine.—Zend
and H
-nen.—The Japanese path-finder to the Pure Land.—Doctrine of J
-d
.—Buddhistic influence on the Japanese language.—Incessant repetition of prayers.—The Pure Land in the West.—The Buddhist doctrine of justification by faith.—H
-nen's universalism.—Tendency of doctrinal development after H
-nen.—
Reformed
Buddhism.—Synergism versus salvation by faith only.—Life of Shinran.—Posthumous honors.—Policy and aim of the Shin sect, methods and scriptures.
CHAPTER X. Japanese Buddhism in its Missionary Development.
287
The missionary history of Japanese Buddhism is the history of Japan.—The first organized religion of the Japanese.—Professor Basil Hall Chamberlain's testimony.—A picture of primeval life in the archipelago.—What came in the train of the new religion from
the West.
—Missionary civilizers, teachers, road-makers, improvers of diet.—Language of flowers and gardens.—The house and home.—Architecture.—The imperial capital.—Hiy
izan.—Love of natural scenery.—Pilgrimages and their fruits.—The Japanese
sthetic.—Art and decoration in the temples.—Exterior resemblances between the Roman form of Christianity and of Buddhism.—Quotation from
The Mikado's Empire.
—Internal vital differences.—Enlightenment and grace.—Ingwa and love.—Luxuriance of the art of Northern Buddhism.—Variety in individual treatment.—Place of the temple in the life of Old Japan.—The protecting trees.—The bell and its note.—The graveyard and the priests' hold upon it.—Japanese Buddhism as a political power.—Its influence upon military history.—Abbots on horseback and monks in armor.—Battles between the Shin and Zen sects.—Nobunaga.—Influence of Buddhism in literature and education.—The temple school.—The kana writing.—Survey and critique of Buddhist history in Japan.—Absence of organized charities.—Regard for animal and disregard for human life.—The Eta.—The Aino.—Attitude to women.—Nuns and nunneries.—Polygamy and concubinage.—Buddhism compared with Shint
.—Influence upon morals.—The First Cause.—Its leadership among the sects.—Unreality of Amida Buddha.—Nichiren.—His life and opinions.—Idols and avatars.—The favorite scripture of the sect, the Saddharma Pundarika.—Its central dogma, everything in the universe capable of Buddhaship.—The Salvation Army of Buddhism.—K
b
's leaven working.—Buddhism ceases to be an intellectual force.—The New Buddhism.—Are the Japanese eager for reform?
CHAPTER XI. Roman Christianity in the Seventeenth Century.
323
The many-sided story of Japanese Christianity.—One hundred years of intercourse between Japan and Europe.—State of Japan at the introduction of Portuguese Christianity.—Xavier and Anjiro.—Xavier at Ki
to and in Bungo.—Nobunaga and the Buddhists.—High-water mark of Christianity.—Hid
yoshi and the invasion of Korea.—Kato and Konishi.—Persecutions.—Arrival of the Spanish friars.—Their violation of good faith.—Spirit of the Jesuits and Franciscans.—Crucifixion on the bamboo cross.—Hid
yori.—Kato Kiyomasa.—The Dutch in the Eastern seas.—Will Adams.—Iy
yas
suspects designs against the sovereignty of Japan.—The Christian religion outlawed.—Hid
tada follows up the policy of Iy
yas
, excludes aliens, and shuts up the country.—The uprising of the Christians at Shimabara in 1637.—Christianity buried from sight.—Character of the missionaries and the form of the faith introduced by them.—Noble lives and ideals.—The spirit of the Inquisition in Japan.—Political animus and complexion.
CHAPTER XII. Two Centuries of Silence.
351
Policy of the Japanese government after the suppression of Christianity.—Insulation of Japan.—The Hollanders at D
shima.—Withdrawal of the English.—Relations with Korea.—Policy of inclusion.—
A society impervious to foreign ideas.
—Life within stunted limits.—Canons of art and literature.—Philosophy made an engine of government.—Esoteric law.—Social waste of humanity.—Attempts to break down the wall—external and internal.—Seekers after God.—The goal of the pilgrims—The D
shima Dutchman as pictured by enemies and rivals, versus reality and truth.—Eager spirits groping after God.—Morning stars of the Japanese reformation.—Yokio H
ishiro.—The anti-Christian edicts.—The Buddhist Inquisitors.—The Shin-gaku or New Learning movement.—The story of nineteenth century Christianity, subterranean and interior before being phenomenal..—Sabbath-day service on the U. S. S. S. Mississippi.—The first missionaries.—Dr. J. C. Hepburn.—Healing and the Bible.—Yedo becomes T
ki
.—Despatch of the Embassy round the world.—Eyes opened.—The Acts of the Apostles in Japan.
Notes, Authorities and Illustrations.
375
Index.
451
注 記
標題紙に＜
I came not to destroy, but to fulfil.
—The Son of Man＞との引用。
記載書誌
NIPPONALIA II, 2114.