911　MacCauley, Clay　(1843-1925)
An introductory course in Japanese.　1896.

AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE IN JAPANESE, BY Clay MacCauley, A. M. PRESIDENT OF SENSHIN GAKUIN (SCHOOL FOR ADVANCED LEARNING), TOKYO, JAPAN.
YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, SINGAPORE. KELLY AND WALSH, LTD. 1896.
[4], xv, [2], 569, [1] p. 20 cm.

[PL/535/Ma](00033213)


目　　次
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
The numerals refer to paragraphs, unless otherwise specified.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION.　p. [1]-19.
I. The Colloquial of Tokyo, as Source of the Prospective Japanese Language. II. Parallel between Tudor English and Meiji Japanese. III. Beginnings of the History of Writing in Japan. IV. Effect of the Incoming of Buddhism upon Literature in Japan. V. Use of Chinese Ideographs in the Japanese Sentence. VI. Origins of the Kana Syllabaries. VII. The Kana Classics of the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. VIII. Literary Degeneracy following the Political Revolution of the Twelfth Century. IX. Separation between the Colloquial and the Written Languages. X. Literary Revival under the Tokugawa Shogunate. Age of Genroku. XI. The Mito School of Historians. The Genroku Novelists. XII. The Standard Written Language. XIII. Language during the Meiji Age. The Written Language. XIV. Influences operating to dignify Colloquial Japanese. XV. Probable Merging of the Written Language into the Colloquial. XVI. The Kana as Basis for the Future Medium of Literary Expression. XVII. The Service this Manual may render to a Student of the Japanese
Language. XVIII. Special Suggestions for Using this Manual.
SECTION FIRST. THE SYLLABARY: WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION.
CHAPTER I. THE KATAKANA. 1.　p. [23]-24.
The Katakana, general remarks, 1: table of the Katakana syllabary, 1.
CHAPTER II. THE SEPARATE KANA SYLLABLES. 2-22.　p. [25]-43.
Division of the syllabary into two parts:—
Vowel Syllables, and Consonant Syllables.
I. Vowel syllables,—how pronounced, 2. Distinguished from true vowels, 2. note.
II. Consonant Syllables, how pronounced, K series, 3; G series, 4; peculiarities of pronunciation of consonantal elements in G series, 5; S series, 6; Z series, 7; soft shi and su, 8; T series, 9; D series, 10; N series, 11; peculiarity of pronunciation of the n syllabic before certain labials, 12; H or spirant series, 13; B series, 14; P series, 15; M series, 16; Y series, 17; on yi, and ye, 18; R series, 19; equivalents for L syllabics, 20; W series, 21; special note on wo, wi we, and wu, 22.
CHAPTER III. THE SYLLABLES AS AFFECTED BY JUXTAPOSITION.
Modifications in pronunciation caused by juxtaposition. 23-57.　p. [44]-64.
I. Variations of Vowel Sounds. 23-34.　p. [44]-46.
Vowel syllables as a rule but slightly affected, 24; vowel elements of consonant syllables, how affected, 25-34; variations of vowel element a, 26; vowel element i, 27; vowel element u, 28; vowel element e, 29; vowel element o, 30. Illustrations of the modifications of the vowel sounds, 31-34; round, flat, long, and short vowel sounds, 33; rapid and silenced sounds, 34.
II. Changes in Vowel Syllables. 35-41.　p. 46-48.
Vowel syllables when doubled, how affected, 35; unlike vowel syllables juxtaposed, how changed, 36-41; a with e, or o, 37; i preceding other vowel syllables, 38; u and o preceding other vowel syllables, 39; a u and o u how changed, 40; pronunciation of e u, 41.
III. Changes in Juxtaposed Vowel and Consonant Syllables. 42-48.　p. 49-56.
When vowel syllables precede consonant syllables,—especially of the H, or Spirant, series, 42; general rule, 42, note; when consonant syllables precede vowel syllables, 43; consonantal syllabics in e with vowel syllable u, 44; consonantal syllables preceding syllabics of H series, 45; special remark on fwu as terminal of verbs, 46; when fwu does not lose its spirant quality, 47; special note on change in pronunciation of fwu, 48.
IV. Changes in Consonant Syllables. 49-57.　p. 56-64.
General effect of juxtaposition of consonant syllables, 49; coalescent sounds, 50; rapid or suppressed sounds, 51; terminal u sound, 52; tsu preceding ch sound, 53; ku followed by a k syllabic, 54; tsu preceding syllabics of K, S, T, P series, 55; tsu as sign of doubling a syllable, 55, note; ku and gu before wa, 56; u and i of the K, H, S and T series, 57; general note, 57.
CHAPTER IV. PUNCTUATION, GRAPHIC SIGNS, AND ACCENT. 58-81.　p. [65]-71.
I. Punctuation. 58-66.　p. 65-66.
Japanese writing as a rule is a continuous succession of syllabic characters, 58; recent attempts at punctuation, 58; marks commonly used, 59; headline, 60; period, 61; emphasis, 62; subordinate period, or comma, 63; secondary emphasis, 64; degrees of emphasis 64; exclamation, 65; interrogation, 66.
II. Graphic Signs. 67-74.　p. 66-68.
Special signs required, 67; coupler of syllables for persons and places, 68; main subsections, 69; chief subdivisions, 70; quotation, 71; abbreviation, 72; parenthesis, 73; repetition of a syllable, 74; special printers' marks, 74.
III. Accent. 75-80.　p. 68-70.
Not prominent in Japanese speech, 75; words of two syllables, 76; words of three syllables, 77; words of three and more syllables, 78; accent always on long syllables, 79; differences of accent show differences of meaning in like written words, 80.
IV. Marks for Transliteration. 81.　p. 70-71.
Vowel marks, 81, long, 81; a; short, or suppressed 81, b; n sound, 81, c; mark of accent, 81, d.
CHAPTER V. NUMERALS. 82-90.　p. [72]-76.
Japanese enumeration is complex and difficult, 82. Cardinal enumeration from one to ten, how made, 83-84; from ten to one hundred, 85; higher numbers, 86; year number, 87; day, month and year, 88; abbreviation of numerals in speech, 89; Japanese and Chinese cardinals, when used, 90.
CHAPTER VI. THE HIRAGANA. 91-93.　p. [77]-91.
General remarks, 91; Transition from Katakana to Hiragana, 91 a; illustrative proverbs as written in Katakana, 91, b; table of standard Hiragana syllabary, 92; transcription of the illustrative proverbs from Katakana into Hiragana, 93; comparative study of Hiragana syllabics in ten groups, 93, a—k.
SECTION SECOND. ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER I. CLASSES OF WORDS. 94-95.　p. [96]-97.
The general division of Japanese language into Na, Kotoba and Teniwoha, here grouped into two classes, 94-95; first class containing the Na and Teniwoha, 94; second class, the Kotoba or Hataraki-kotoba, 95; note on meaning and use of Hataraki-kotoba, 95.
CHAPTER II. ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS IN SPEECH. 96-102.　p. [98]-101.
General order of words in the sentence, 93. Exception to the regular order, 96. Fundamental law governing relations of words, 97. Coordinated nouns, and forms of succeedant verbs and adjectives, 98. Manner of quotation, 99. Interrogation, 100. Order of expressions of time and place, 101. Omission of final verbs and adjectives, 102.
CHAPTER III. WESTERN GRAMMAR IN JAPANESE SPEECH. 103-280.　p. [102]-177.
The Article. 103.　p. 102.
Equivalents for the definite article. 103.
II. The Noun. 104-122.　p. 102-108.
1. Number: equivalent for, singular, 104, a; plural, 104, b and c.
2. Gender: difference expressed by form, and by prefix, but difference chiefly ignored, 105.
3. Case: shown often by suffixes, 106.
4. Classes of Nouns. Simple, 108. Derivative, 109-116; abstract in sa, 110; in koto, 111-112; concrete, 113; diminutive, 114; augmentative, 115; verbal, 116. Compound, 117-122; noun with noun, 118; noun with preceding adjective, 119; noun with verb preceding, 120; noun with verb following, 121; two verbal forms, 122.
III. The Pronoun. 123-131.　p. 108-112.
1. Personal Pronouns, equivalents of, 123.
2. Possessive Pronouns, expressed by particle no with personal pronouns, 124.
3. Demonstrative Pronouns, substantive, 126; adjective, 127; phrase equivalents, 128.
4. Interrogative Pronouns, substantive, 129.
5. Relative Pronouns, verbal forms, 130.
6. Indefinite Pronouns, interrogatives with particles, 131, negative, 131, note.
IV. The Verb. 132-207.　p. 112-154.
1. classes of verbs. 132-133.
Transitive and intransitive, 132; terminal differences, 133.
2. number and person. 134-136.
No formal distinction of number or person, 134; equivalents for, 135-136.
3. tense. 136-137.
Inflection shows time, as present or past, and each tense as certain or probable, 136; future how shown, 136, a; indefinite tense form, 137.
4. mode. 138.
Indicative, subjunctive, imperative, 138. Subjunctive in two forms, conditional and concessive, 138, a and b.
5. adjectival verb forms. 139.
Gerund, 139, a; desiderative, 139, b.
6. process of inflection. 140-158.
Verbal Root, 140; four primary verbal variations as points of departure in studying inflection, 141; names proposed for these four variations, 142; stems of inflection, the name adopted, 143.
The Main Stem, how marked, 144; its function in inflection, 145; its use when several verbs occur in the same sentence, 146; as substantive, and in compounds, 147.
The Negative Stem, how marked, 148; its function in inflection, 149-50; in second conjugation, main stem and negative stem the same, 150.
The Certain Present Stem, its function in inflections, 151; how marked, 152; it names the verb, 153; it determines, in connection with the main stem, the conjugations, 154; its use as substantive, and as adjective, 155.
The Conditional Stem, its function in inflection, and how marked, 156.
Summary of signs for stems of inflection, 157-58.
7. groupings in inflection: conjugation. 159-171.
Two Conjugations, 159.
First conjugation, how determined, 160-61; euphonic changes in first conjugation, 162-69; main stem in ki, 163; in gi, 164; in bi or mi, 165; in chi, 166; in ri, 167; in i or hi, 168-69.
Second Conjugation, how determined, 170; two variations of inflection for second conjugation, in e or in i, 171.
8. paradigms of the verb. 172-197.
Table of Stem Signs for the two conjugations, 172.
Main Stem inflections in the first conjugation, 173-74; function of main stem in polite inflection, 175; second conjugation, main stem inflection forms, 176; note on main stem in second conjugation, 177.
Negative Stem inflection forms, first conjugation, 178-79; second conjugation, 180.
Certain Present Stem inflection forms, first conjugation, 181-82; second conjugation, 183.
Conditional Stem inflection forms, first conjugation, 184-85; second conjugation, 186.
Paradigm for first conjugation, 187; for second conjugation, 188.
Polite form of verbal inflection, in masu, 189-95; peculiarities in inflection of masu, 190-93; paradigm of Naoshi-masu, 194-95.
Paradigms of the two irregular verbs kuru, and suru, 196-97.
9. phrase verbs. 198-207.
Phrase verbs, definition, 198; classes,—passive, potential, causative, 198.
Passive voice phrases, 199; how formed, 200; passives actives in disguise, 201; conjugation is in first form, second conjugation, 202.
Potential voice phrases, 203; potentials, from first conjugation verbs, 204; from second conjugation verbs, 205.
Causative voice phrases, 206; note on causatives of kuru and suru, 207.
V. The Adjective. 208-225.　p. 154-161.
Equivalents of adjectives are without number, gender or true comparison, 208; verbal and adverbal equivalents of adjectives, 209.
Comparison, how shown, 210-13; comparative degree, 211-12; superlative, 213.
Inflection, mood and tense, positive and negative, 214-19; simple adjective, how formed, 215; note on terminal ki, 216; adverbial form, 217; note on terminal ku, 218; table of inflection for adjectives, 219.
Adjectival words and phrases, 220-25; nouns with no and na, 221; nouns followed by rashii, 222; verbal forms as adjectives, 223; phrase adjectives, 224; desiderative verbal form, 225.
VI. The Adverb. 226-233.　p. 161-163.
Equivalents of Adverbs, chiefly adjectives, verbs, nouns in combination with particles, 226; true adverbs are few, 227; adjectival form in ku, 228; nouns with ni, 229; some reduplicated words with to become adverbial, 230; gerundial adverbs, 231; onomatopes, 232.
Responsives, 233.
VII. The Particles (Teniwoha). 234-280.　p. 164-177.
Teniwoha, why so called and their uses, 234; particles, generally suffixes, equivalents, of prepositions, therefore called postpositions, 235; groups of particles, four,—CASE SIGNS, POSTPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS, 236.
1. case signs. 237-248.
Case signs, what, 237; ga and wo only, distinctive signs, 238.
Ga and wa, 239-44; ga now the generic nominative sign, 239; wa predicative index, 240; wa as sign of antithesis or contrast, 241; wa—wa sign of antithesis, 242; wa as isolating or separative sign, 243; summary of functions of wa, 244; no as genitive sign, 245; ni and ye as dative signs, 246; wo as accusative sign, 247; note on vocative and ablative, 248.
2. postpositions, (prepositions). 249-265.
Postpositions, names of, 249; de, 250; kara, 251; made, 252; ni, 253-58; ni in combinations forming postpositions, 254; no—ni making phrase postpositions, 255; ni as a prefix to gerunds, 256; other uses of ni, 257-58; no, 259-62; no in combination as postposition, 259; no used to show opposition of nouns, 260; no used attributively, 261; no, suffix to cardinals before nouns, 262; to, 263; ye, 264; yori, 265.
3. conjunctions. 266-278.
Conjunctions, names of 266; ga as conjunction, 267; ka, 268; kara, 269; mo, 270-72; mo—mo, affirmative, 271; mo—mo, negative, 272; ni as conjunction, 273; shi, 274; to as conjunction, 375; ya, 276.
Conjunction phrases, 277-78.
4. interjections. 279-280.
Interjections, names and meanings. 279-80.
CHAPTER IV. SOME PECULIARITIES IN ENUMERATION. 281-289.　p. [178]-181.
Numeral Auxiliaries, 281-82; names of most common auxiliaries, how used, 281; some others named, 282.
Ordinal numerals, 283-85; Japanese cardinals with me suffixed, 283, a; Chinese cardinals with ban or bamme suffixed, or dai prefixed, 283, b; ordinals with no between numeral and noun, 284; ordinal enumeration for time, place, quantity and kind, 285.
Questions concerning number and quantity how asked, 286-88; iku, 286; iku, dore, nani with hodo, 287; ikura, 288; note on yo, nana and kyu, 289.
CHAPTER, V. HONORIFIC FORMS OF SPEECH. 290-300.　p. [182]-186.
Honorific forms of speech especially characteristic of Japanese people, 220; intercourse with equals, how marked, 291; speaking of self or one's own possessions, 292; speaking of other people, 293; foreigners would do well to avoid the special forms of speech used by superiors to inferiors, 294.
Nouns, how made honorific, 295; family relationships, 296; use of different verbs to honor or make humble the same acts, 297; note, honorific character of potential verbs, 298.
Forms of address to others, of especial importance, 299; general rule for use of honorifics by foreigners, 300.
SECTION THIRD. PRACTICE IN THE COLLOQUIAL.
CHAPTER I. ON METHOD IN ACQUIRING JAPANESE. 301-316.　p. [189]-196.
The best method is in membership in a Japanese family, 301. Best substitute for this method is life in Japan under faithful teachers, 302. What is attempted in this manual,—to supply in part a substitute for the method of nature, 304. Attempt in first section, 305; in second section, 306. The third section composed of Conversations given in a polite familiar colloquial, 307. How to use these Conversations, 308-316. Japanese sentences must be understood as their speakers understand them, 309-310. Japanese sentences not subject to literal translation, 310-311. Use of the Elements of Grammar 312-314. What a real acquirement of a language means, 315. What a student of this book may expect to accomplish, 316.
CHAPTER II. THE I-RO-HA. 317-325.　p. [197]-207.
To complete the transcription of the forty-eight illustrative proverbs from Katakana into Hiragana, 317. Go-ju-on, 318. I-ro-ha, or Kobo Daishi's arrangement of the syllabary, 320-322. The initial syllabics of the illustrative proverbs, used here to show the I-ro-ha arrangement of the syllabary, 322. Kobo Daishi's mnemonic verse, in tabular form, 324. The illustrative proverbs arranged so as to illustrate the I-ro-ha syllabary, 325.
CHAPTER III. FRIENDS IN CONVERSATION.　p. [208]-531.
Forty-eight Conversations given in the Japanese language, in the order of the I-ro-ha syllabics, with equivalent English sentences placed on opposite pages, pp. 208-523.
An I-ro-ha hymn, named Nori no Hatsu-Ne, or the First Note of the Law with an English paraphrase, line for line, of the hymn on opposite pages, pp. 524-531.
NOTES ON THE CONVERSATIONS.　p. 532-560.
First Conversation, pp. 532-545; Second, pp. 545-549; Third, pp. 549-555; Fourth, pp. 555-557; Fifth, pp. 557-559; Notes on Nori no Hatsu-ne, pp. 559-560.
GENERAL INDEX.　p. [561]-567.
ERRATA.　p. [568]-569.

注　　記
表紙裏に＜FROM THE LIBRARY OF Dominic Brown＞との蔵書票。
遊び紙に Henry W. Hawkes from his friend Clay MacCauley Tokyo Japan Feb 1, 1897.' との書き込み。
本文中に漢字仮名活字印刷多数。
裏表紙裏に＜寒山堂 HAN-SHAN TANG Ltd 717 Fulham Road London SW6 5UL Telephone 01-731 2447＞との書店ラベル。
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記載書誌
WENCKSTERN II, p. 77. TOYO BUNKO, p. 191. NIPPONALIA III, 736.